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8 “Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument
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第一
1
Language is completely arbitrary
A 对
B 错
正确答案： D
2
All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
3
To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone
A 对
B 错
正确答案： D
4
Every argument has more than one premise
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
5
A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
6
When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
7
An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
8
“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
9
The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
10
The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
11
An explanation answers a question about why something happened
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
12
To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
13
All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
14
You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used
A 对
B 错
正确答案： A
15
When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
16
An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
17
Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
18
“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument
A 对
B 错
正确答案： B
第二
1
The word “since” is always a premise marker
A 对
B 错
正确答案：B
2
If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence
A 对
B 错
正确答案：A
3
Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard
A 对
B 错
正确答案：A
4
An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker
A 对
B 错
正确答案：A
5
The word “too” in “too small” introduces an evaluation
A 对
B 错
正确答案：A
6
“If … then …” is an argument marker
A 对
B 错
正确答案：B
7
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are
A
G = guarding term
B
A = assuring term
C
D = discounting term
D
E = evaluative term
正确答案：C
8
A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection
A
A = assuring term
B
G = guarding term
C
D = discounting term
D
E = evaluative term
正确答案：C
9
A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms
A
A = assuring term
B
G = guarding term
C
D = discounting term
D
E = evaluative term
正确答案：B
10
A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative
A
A = assuring term
B
G = guarding term
C
D = discounting term
D
E = evaluative term
正确答案：D
11
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：E
12
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：D
13
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：F
14
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：C
15
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N= none of the above
正确答案：F
16
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：B
17
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：D
18
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：H
19
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：E
20
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：G
21
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
The message is paradoxical but profound Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce
A
P = a premise marker
B
C = a conclusion marker
C
A = an assuring term
D
G = a guarding term
E
D = a discounting term
F
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G
E- = a negative evaluative term
H
N = none of the above
正确答案：A
第三
1
He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms
A
N = not an argument
B
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案：A
2
Since Mrs White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A
Mrs White and Colonel Mustard are characters in the board game Clue
B
Either Mrs White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder
C
Mrs White and Colonel Mustard are suspects for the murder
D
Mrs White and Colonel Mustard are the only suspects for the murder
正确答案：B
3
Joe does not like steak Therefore, some farmers don’t like steak
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A
Farmers raise plants but not animals
B
Farmers raise animals but not plants
C
Joe is a farmer
D
Joe is not a farmer
正确答案：C
4
An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A
its conclusion is true
B
its premises are true
C
the argument is valid and its premises are true
D
the argument is valid or its premises are true
正确答案：C
5
If jellyfish were birds, then they would have feathers; so jellyfish are not birds
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A
Jellyfish cannot fly
B
Birds are not fish
C
Jellyfish have feathers
D
Jellyfish do not have feathers
正确答案：D
6
You ought to wear a coat, because it is freezing
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A
You ought to wear a coat when it is freezing
B
Coats keep you from freezing
C
Most people wear coats when it is freezing
D
Coats are made to be worn when it is freezing
正确答案：A
7
He can lift 100 kilograms, so he is strong This is
A
N = not an argument
B
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案：B
8
Most people from Sao Paulo cheer for the Brazilian national team
A
N = not an argument
B
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案：A
9
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from John Russell, “Is Eakins Our Greatest Painter?”
…we prize him above all for the new dimension of moral awareness that he brought to American painting
A
(1) We prize Eakins above all other painters
____________________________
∴ (2) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting (from 1)
B
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting
____________________________
∴ (2) We prize Eakins above all other painters (from 1)
C
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting
(2) We prize painters above all others when they bring a new moral awareness to American painting
____________________________
∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters (from 1-2)
D
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting
(2) A painter who brings a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting is better than all others
____________________________
∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters (from 1-2)
正确答案：C
10
All criminals have tattoos, so Gizelle is not a criminal
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid
A
Only criminals have tattoos
B
Most people with tattoos are criminals
C
Gizelle has a tattoo
D
Gizelle does not have a tattoo
正确答案：D
11
Japan is bigger than Israel Japan is not bigger than China Therefore, China is bigger than Israel
How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts)
A
N = not an argument
B
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案：D
12
Pigs cannot fly, so they are not birds
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid
A
Only birds can fly
B
All birds can fly
C
Some birds can fly
D
Some birds cannot fly
正确答案：B
13
There was a murder, and the only suspects who could have committed it are Mr Green and Mrs Peacock, so the murderer must be Mr Green
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid
A
Mr Green and Mrs Peacock did not commit the murder together
B
If Mr Green committed the murder, then Mrs Peacock did not
C
Mrs Peacock did not commit the murder
D
Mr Green is not the only suspect
正确答案：C
14
Sao Paulo is in South America, for it is in Brazil, and Brazil is in South America
How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts)
A
N = not an argument
B
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案：D
15
An argument cannot ever be valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A
its premises and conclusion are both true
B
its premises and conclusion are both false
C
its premises are false, and its conclusion is true
D
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false
E
None of the above (That is, an argument can be valid with any of these combinations of truth values)
正确答案：: D
16
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Steven Jay Gould, “The Panda’s Thumb”
Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer…
A
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids)
(3) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes
____________________________
∴ (4) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power (from 1-3)
B
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids)
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of components that are usually fitted for different purposes (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes
(5) Orchids are a kind of machine
____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power (from 4- 5)
C
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids)
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes
(5) God designs things to reflect his wisdom and power
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids (from 4-5)
正确答案：: B
17
Which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Paul Davies, “Life and Death on Mars”?
If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years Therefore, a one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise
A
(1) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment
(2) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years
____________________________
∴ (3) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise (from 1-2)
B
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment
(3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years
____________________________
∴ (4) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise (from 1-3)
C
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment
____________________________
∴ (3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years (from 1-2)
____________________________
∴ (4) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise (from 3)
D
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment
____________________________
∴ (3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years (from 1-2)
(4) If people live on Mars for years, then they do not suffer a quick demise
____________________________
∴ (5) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise (from 3-4)
正确答案：: D
18
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee
…We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate Then, should the coffee market decline, the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price So have a cup of Equal Exchange Coffee…
A
(1) We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate
(2) If the coffee market declines, then the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price
____________________________
∴ (3) Have a cup of Equal Exchange Coffee (from 1-2)
B
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company trades directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate
(2) If a coffee company trades with a fixed minimum rate, then, if the coffee market declines, the farmers are still guaranteed that minimum price
(3) If a minimum price is mutually agreed-upon by the farmers, then that minimum price is fair
____________________________
∴ (4) Equal Exchange Coffee company guarantees farmers a fair price (from 1-3)
(5) You should buy coffee from a company that guarantees farmers a fair price
____________________________
∴ (6) You should buy Equal Exchange Coffee (from 4-5)
C
(1) We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate
(2) You should do what we believe in
____________________________
∴ (3) You should trade directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate (from 1-2)
(4) If you trade directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate, then the coffee market will not decline
(5) If the coffee market does not decline, then the farmers will still be guaranteed a fair price
(6) If the farmers are guaranteed a fair price, then you should buy Equal Exchange Coffee
____________________________
∴ (7) You should buy Equal Exchange Coffee (from 3-6)
正确答案：：B
19
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee
…Of course, your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely altruistic For we take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees as we do in helping the farmers who produce them…
A
(1) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange Coffee need not be completely altruistic
____________________________
∴ (2) We take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees as we do in helping the farmers who produce them (from 1)
B
(1) We take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees as we do in helping the farmers who produce them
____________________________
∴ (2) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange Coffee need not be completely altruistic (from 1)
C
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes as much pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees as they do in helping the farmers who produce their gourmet coffees
(2) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in helping the farmers who produce their gourmet coffees
____________________________
∴ (3) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees (from 1-2)
(4) If Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees, then their gourmet coffees will taste good
____________________________
∴ (5) Equal Exchange gourmet coffees will taste good (from 3-4)
(6) If Equal Exchange gourmet coffees will taste good, then you can make yourself happy by buying Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
____________________________
∴ (7) You can make yourself happy by buying Equal Exchange gourmet coffees (from 5-6)
(8) If you can make yourself happy by doing something, then your decision to do it need not be completely altruistic
____________________________
∴ (9) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely altruistic (from 7-8)
正确答案：：C
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